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Tomás Garrido Canabal (born Playas de Catazajá, Chiapas, September 20, 1891— died Los Angeles, California, April 8, 1943), was a Mexican politician and revolutionary. Garrido Canabal served as dictator and governor of the state of Tabasco from 1920 to 1924 and again from 1931 to 1934, and was particularly noted for his Anti-Catholicism. During his term he fiercely persecuted the Church in his state, killing many priests and laymen and driving the remainder underground.〔Kirshner, Alan M., (A Setback to Tomas Garrido Canabal's Desire to Eliminate the Church in Mexico ) J. of Church and State (1971) 13 (3): 479-492.〕 ==Biography== Tomás Garrido Canabal was born in the hacienda Catazajá in the northernmost part of the Mexican state of Chiapas. During the Mexican Revolution he was drawn into politics. He was named interim governor of Tabasco for a brief spell in 1919 (and then of the Yucatán in May and June 1920) until in December 1920 "Garrido again became provisional governor of Tabasco. From this point until August 1935 (except for a brief hiatus during the de la Huerta rebellion) he controlled the state." Garrido's rule, which marked the apogee of Mexican anti-clericalism, was supported by the Radical Socialist Party of Tabasco (PRST) of which he was the leader. Called an "atheist and a puritan" by Peter Godman,〔Peter Godman, "Graham Greene's Vatican Dossier" ''The Atlantic Monthly'' 288.1 (July/August 2001): 85.〕 fervent anticlericalist and anti-Catholic, he supported President Plutarco Elías Calles's war against the Cristeros, a popular rebellion opposed to the enforcement of anticlerical laws. He founded several organizations "that terrorized Roman Catholics",〔("Garrido Canabal, Tomás" ). ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' Sixth Edition (2005).〕 most notably the so-called "Camisas Rojas" or "Red Shirts," and as a result some have labeled him a "fascist",〔〔 however he named one of his sons after Vladimir Lenin, a Marxist and anti-fascist〔Donald J. Mabry, ("Garrido Canabal, Tomás" ), at the Historical Text Archive.〕 and also considered himself a Marxist Bolshevik.〔World vision magazine, Volumes 10-11〕〔National republic, Volumes 22-23〕〔Buchenau, Jürgen. ''The Last Caudillo: Alvaro Obregn and the Mexican Revolution, Volume 12 of Viewpoints/Puntos de Vista: Themes and Interpretations in Latin American History''. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ISBN 1405199032, 9781405199032. Length 232 pages〕〔Bennett, Charles. ''Tinder in Tabasco: a study of church growth in tropical Mexico''.Eerdmans, 1968 (Original from University of Texas). Length 213 pages.〕〔Ard, Michael J. "An eternal struggle: how the National Action Party transformed Mexican politics". Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 0-275-97831-1, ISBN 978-0-275-97831-0. Length 228 pages. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9GhTZd-EnoEC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=Garrido+Canabal+left-wing&source=bl&ots=rdYFyhlf72&sig=tdABRlzFgd2JcqRmLBAscItyRhg&hl=en&ei=pbfLTrOtBMWX8QP4t6XCDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Garrido%20Canabal%20left-wing&f=false〕 The anthem of his Redshirts was the Internationale, widely considered to be the socialist anthem. Some scholars have argued that his authoritarian policies were more akin to European right-wing dictatorships,〔Austin, Ron. "Peregrino: A Pilgrim Journey Into Catholic Mexico". Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2010. ISBN 0-8028-6584-4, ISBN 978-0-8028-6584-7. Length 219 pages. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xajAjbJNDu4C&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=Garrido+Canabal+left-wing&source=bl&ots=FCKeZNWTe1&sig=uUxBRKVAT8gwBHl4P9j56ELAGKk&hl=en&ei=pbfLTrOtBMWX8QP4t6XCDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Garrido%20Canabal%20left-wing&f=false〕 though he wished to turn the traditionally conservative state of Tabasco into a socialist model and fought for socialist causes 〔Baird, David. Cristensen, Shane. Delsol, Christine. Hepp, Joy. ''Frommer's Mexico 2011, Volume 826 of Frommer's Complete, Edition 5, illustrated''. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. ISBN 0470614331, 9780470614334. Length 800 pages http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A1xFLYO2lyIC&pg=PA648&dq=Tomas+Garrido+Socialism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YVjDT5ziB4im8gOB5OjSCg&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Tomas%20Garrido%20Socialism&f=false〕〔Beezley, William H. Meyer, Michael C. ''The Oxford History of Mexico''. Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 0199731985, 9780199731985. Length 675 pages http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Amt1ZXMeVYMC&pg=PA444&dq=Tomas+Garrido+Socialism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YVjDT5ziB4im8gOB5OjSCg&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Tomas%20Garrido%20Socialism&f=false〕〔Walker, Ronald G. ''Infernal Paradise: Mexico and the Modern English Novel''. University of California Press, 1978. ISBN 0520031970, 9780520031975. Length 391 pages. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=soHiok82EZwC&pg=PA183&dq=Tomas+Garrido+Socialism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z1vDT53KOIWp0QXw3OGHBw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Tomas%20Garrido%20Socialism&f=false〕 and Tabasco has been called a "socialist tyranny" by Martin C. Needler, Dean of the School of International Studies at the University of the Pacific in California.〔Needler, Martin C. ''Mexican Politics: The Containment of Conflict''. Edition 3, illustrated. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995. ISBN 0275952517, 9780275952518 Length 144 pages. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AOZdMLLx1t8C&pg=PA15&dq=Tomas+Garrido+Socialism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x2TDT5HRF4m68gOY6PynAQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=Tomas%20Garrido%20Socialism&f=false〕 He also invited the First Congress of Socialist Students to meet in the state of Tabasco and created a form of socialist education which he termed "Rationalist".〔Brown, Lyle C. Copper, William F. ''Religion in Latin American life and literature''. Markham Press Fund, 1980. University of Texas ISBN 0918954231, 9780918954237 Length 426 pages. Page 113, "Tomas Garrido, always proud of the success his atheist teachers had achieved and desirous of winning student support for his political ambitions, invited the First Congress of Socialist Students to meet in Tabasco.", " Tomas Garrido termed this education "Rationalist," which in reality was a forerunner of the socialist education amended into Article III of the Constitution in 1934."〕〔Gonzalez, Michael J. ''The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1940, Dialogos Series, 12. UNM (University of New Mexico) Press, 2002. ISBN 082632780X, 9780826327802. Length 307 pages. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=se17aQLbKioC&pg=PA213&dq=Tomas+Garrido+Socialism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z1vDT53KOIWp0QXw3OGHBw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=Tomas%20Garrido%20Socialism&f=false〕 Garrido Canabal's revolutionary fervor was reflected in the names of his children: Lenin and Zoila Libertad. He even had a farm with a bull named God, an ox and a hog named Pope, a cow named after Mary, and a donkey named Christ.〔 In Tabasco, satirical plays were also organised, with for instance "the parading of a stud bull called 'the bishop' or an ass labeled 'the pope.'” Roberto Hinojosa, the Bolivian revolutionary, described Garrido's Tabasco as "the Bethlehem of the Socialist dawn in America" and Garrido as an "academic and farmer, intellectual and rancher, a guide and soldier of socialism".〔Vaughan, Mary K. Lewis, Stephen E. ''The Eagle And the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940''. Duke University Press, 2006. ISBN 0822336685, 9780822336686. Length 363 pages. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uf42VXJrF8EC&pg=PA139&dq=Tomas+Garrido+Socialism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z1vDT53KOIWp0QXw3OGHBw&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=Tomas%20Garrido%20Socialism&f=false〕 Garrido Canabal's administrative achievements included stimulating the social development of the state of Tabasco by means of agricultural and social policies and his support for the enfranchisement of women. In 1934 he introduced women's suffrage to Tabasco, making him the second governor to do so after Felipe Carrillo Puerto of the Yucatán twelve years earlier. In Mexico, Garrido Canabal's Tabasco was one of several "vying with one another for the title 'Laboratory of the Revolution.'"〔Gilbert M. Joseph (ed.), ''The Mexico Reader'' (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002): 411.〕 As Governor, however, he also issued rigid decrees against corsets and alcohol and outlawed tombstones.〔(Obituary Time Magazine April 19, 1943 )〕 When Lázaro Cárdenas was elected president in 1934, his first cabinet was hand-picked by his patron, Plutarco Elías Calles, the "Jefe Máximo" and power behind the presidency.〔Howard F. Cline, ''The United States and Mexico'', second edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1961, p. 219.〕 Calles named fellow anticlerical Garrido Canabal as Secretary of Agriculture to Lázaro Cárdenas's cabinet.〔(Mexico:Palm Down Time Magazine December 10, 1934 )〕 Garrido Canabal brought the Red Shirts to Mexico City. Soon after Cárdenas took office, he turned against Garrido Canabal.〔(Ozzy, Ozzy, Boneheads Time Magazine February 4, 1935 )〕 In 1935, after Garrido Canabal ordered his Red Shirts to kill Catholic activists in Mexico City seeking to return to Tabasco, Cárdenas forced Garrido Canabal to step down and into exile in Costa Rica.〔Krauze, Enrique (THE TROUBLING ROOTS OF MEXICO'S LÓPEZ OBRADOR: Tropical Messiah ) The New Republic June 19, 2006〕 Dismissing Garrido Canabal was part of Cárdenas's political maneuvering again Calles, who had expected to continue to be the power behind the presidency. Politically eliminating Garrido Canabal and Calles gained Cárdenas the grudging support of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico.〔Cline, ''United States and Mexico'', p. 220.〕 Garrido Canabal's paramilitary groups were subsequently disbanded. He was allowed to return to Mexico in 1941 and died two years later of cancer in Los Angeles, California.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tomás Garrido Canabal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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